CHAPTER VII GRADES OF JUDGES

第十六条  法官的级别分为十二级。

Article 16 Judges are divided into twelve grades.

最高人民法院院长为首席大法官，二至十二级法官分为大法官、高级法官、法官。

The President of the Supreme People's Court is the Chief Justice. Judges from the second grade to the twelfth grade are composed of associate justices, senior Judges and Judges.

第十七条  法官的等级的确定，以法官所任职务、德才表现、业务水平、审判工作实绩和工作年限为依据。

Article 17 Grades of judges shall be determined on the basis of their posts, their actual working ability and political integrity, their professional competence, their achievements in judicial work and their seniority.

第十八条  法官的等级编制、评定和晋升办法，由国家另行规定。

Article 18 The grades of judges shall be established and the measures for their evaluation and promotion shall be formulated separately by the State.

第八章  考  核

CHAPTER VIII APPRAISAL

第十九条  对法官的考核，由所在人民法院组织实施。

Article 19 Appraisal of judges shall be conducted by the People's Courts the judges belong to.

第二十条  对法官的考核，应当客观公正，实行领导和群众相结合，平时考核和年度考核相结合。

Article 20 The appraisal of judges shall be carried out objectively and impartially, through the combined efforts of the leaders and masses, and routinely and annually.

第二十一条  对法官的考核内容包括：审判工作实绩，思想品德，审判业务和法学理论水平，工作态度和审判作风。重点考核审判工作实绩。

Article 21 The appraisal of judges shall include their achievements in judicial work, their ideological level and moral characters, their competence in judicial work and their mastery of law theories, their attitude in and style of work. However, emphasis shall be laid on the achievements in judicial work.

第二十二条  年度考核结果分为优秀、称职、不称职三个等次。

Article 22 The results of the annual appraisal shall fall into three grades: excellent, competent and incompetent.

考核结果作为对法官奖惩、培训、辞退以及调整等级和工资的依据。

The result of appraisal shall be taken as the basis for award, punishment, training, dismissal of a judge, and for readjustment of his or her grade and salary.

第二十三条  考核结果以书面形式通知本人。本人对考核结果如有异议，可以申请复议。

Article 23 A judge shall be informed of the result of the appraisal in written form. If the judge disagrees with the result, he or she may apply for reconsideration.

第九章  培  训

CHAPTER IX TRAINING

第二十四条  对法官应当有计划地进行理论培训和业务培训。

Article 24 Theoretical and professional training for judges shall be carried out in a planned way.

法官的培训，贯彻理论联系实际、按需施教、讲求实效的原则。

The principles of integrating theory with practice, giving lectures in light of the needs, and emphasizing practical results shall be applied in the training of judges.

第二十五条  国家法官院校和其他法官培训机构按照有关规定承担培训法官的任务。

Article 25 The judges colleges and universities of the State and other institutions for training judges shall, in accordance with the relevant regulations, undertake the task of training judges.

第二十六条  法官在培训期间的学习成绩和鉴定，作为其任职、晋升的依据之一。

Article 26 The results of the studies of judges and the appraisals made during their training shall be taken as one of the bases for their appointment and promotion.

第十章  奖  励

CHAPTER X AWARDS

第二十七条  法官在审判工作中有显著成绩和贡献的，或者有其他突出事迹的，应当给予奖励。

Article 27 Judges who have made significant achievements and contribu- tions in judicial work, or performed other outstanding deeds shall be rewarded.

对法官的奖励，实行精神鼓励和物质鼓励相结合的原则。

The principle of combining moral encouragement with material reward shall be applied in rewarding judges.

第二十八条  法官有下列表现之一的，应当给予奖励：

Article 28 Judges who have any of the following achievements to their credit shall be rewarded:

（一）在审理案件中秉公执法，成绩显著的；

(1) having achieved notable successes in enforcing laws and handling cases impartially;

（二）总结审判实践经验成果突出，对审判工作有指导作用的；

(2) having accumulated rich experience in judicial practice that may serve as a guide in judicial work;

（三）对审判工作提出改革建议被采纳，效果显著的；

(3) having made proposals for the reform of judicial work that have been adopted and have produced remarkable results;

（四）保护国家、集体和人民利益，使其免受重大损失，事迹突出的；

(4) having performed outstanding deeds in safeguarding the interests of the State, the collective and the people against heavy losses;

（五）勇于同违法犯罪行为作斗争，事迹突出的；

(5) having performed outstanding deeds by bravely fighting against illegal or criminal acts;

（六）提出司法建议被采纳或者开展法制宣传、指导人民调解委员会工作，效果显著的；

(6) having made judicial proposals that have been adopted, and have produced remarkable results, or having scored outstanding successes in publicizing the importance of the legal system and guiding the work of the people's mediation committees;

（七）保护国家秘密和审判工作秘密，有显著成绩的；

(7) having scored outstanding achievements in

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