难点23  有章可循的主旨大意题

阅读中的主旨大意题主要是考查学生在阅读全文的基础上归纳总结文意的能力，然而，学生在阅读中常犯的毛病之一就是：只见树木，不见森林。
●难点磁场
1.（★★★★★）A World of Opportunity
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NEW-An expanded,two-part Weekend section.Fridays,with more ideas about movies,shows,
art exhibitions,outdoor and indoor recreations.
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Question 1:The main idea of this advertisement is that ________.
A.many opportunities will be provided just to those who order home delivery
B.several new sections have been printed separately from now on
C.readers can be well informed of the latest news and sports results
D.people can pick up all the information they are interested in
2.(★★★★★)Millions of people use contact lenses(隐形眼镜）.For anyone who doesn’t mind sticking his fingers in his eyes,there are clear advantages:contacts correct vision better than glasses,are less often crushed underfoot,don’t make you look boring,and come in a huge variety of forms——soft,firm,colored,and even theatrical.
More and more people are turning to use of contact lenses.But are they safe?
Latest research from Australia shows that not all chemicals are effective in killing all germs(细菌）——and some of these germs can cause blindness in just 24 hours.
While most problems with contacts still can go back to poor hygiene(卫生）or overuse,not all sight-threatening conditions only happen to those who wash their lenses under the tap or decide,while tired and emotional,to sleep in their lenses for the third night running.
Two of the biggest eye-damaging killers——protozoan acanthamoeba and bacteria pseudomonas——are all around us,in our homes and water supplies.This seemingly harmless pair can cause blindness through keratitis(disease of the cornea).
“The cornea(角膜)is like a five-layered sandwich”,says Raymond Curran,a doctor from Omagh,Northern Ireland.“Once the bacteria get into a layer they can reproduce there and turn the cornea opaque(too dark to see through).”
An optician(验光师）may see one possibly sight-threatening case each month,but at an eye hospital there may be several each week.Acanthamoeba,often seemingly mild,can be misjudged until it is too late.Meanwhile,pseudomonas,more seriously,can cause increasing sight loss with each hour that passes.If not treated immediately,patients may need a corneal replacement.
And the really bad news,according to Professor Roger Buckley,at the Moorfields eye hospital in London,is that acanthamoeba is“one of the hardest germs on Earth”——it can survive in Antarctica.
Question 2:In the passage the writer mainly wants to tell us ________.
A.the possible danger of contacts
B.the importance of keeping contacts clean
C.some doctors’ opinions about contacts
D.the advantages and disadvantages of contacts
3.(★★★★★)With only about１000 pandas left in the world，China is desperately trying to clone(克隆) the animal and save the endangered species(物种)．That’s a move similar to what a Texas A＆M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”．
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs，embryos(胚胎)，semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liｑuid nitrogen．If certain species should become extinct，Dr．Duane Kraemer，a professor in Texas A＆M’s College of Veterinary Medicine，says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future．
It is estimated that as many as 2 000 species of mammals，birds and reptiles will become extinct in over １00 years．The panda，native only to China，is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years．
This week，Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit．They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal．
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete．
“The nuclear transfer（核子移植)of one species to another is not easy，and the lack of available （capable of being used）panda eggs could be a major problem．”Kraemer believes．“They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy （having a baby）．It takes a long time and it’s difficult，but this could be groundbreaking science if it works．They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk，so it is worth the effort，”adds Kraemer，who is one of the leaders of the Ｐroject at Texas A＆M，the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog．
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done，and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark．We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction．I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do．It’s a research that is very much needed”．
Question 3:The best title for the passage may be         ．
A．China’s Success in Pandas Cloning
B．The First Cloned Panda in the World
C．Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D．China——the Native Place of Pandas Forever
4.(★★★★★)American women experience a great variety of lifestyles. A “typical” American woman may be single . She may also be divorced or married. She may be a homemaker, a doctor, or a factory worker. It is very difficult to generalize about American. However, one thing that many American  women have in common is their attitude about themselves and their role in American life.
Historically , American women have always been very independent . The first settlers to come to New England were of ten young couples who had left behind their extended family (i.e. their parents , sisters, cousins, etc.).The women were alone in a new, undeveloped country with their husbands. This had two important effects. First of all, this as yet uncivilized (未开化)environment (环境)demanded that every person share in developing it and in survival (生存).Women worked with their husbands and children to make themselves accepted in this new land. Second, because they were in a new land without the established (确定的)influence of older members of society , women felt free to step into nontraditional roles.
This role of women was strengthened in later years as Americans moved west,again leaving family behind and meeting a new environment. Even later, in the East, as new settlers arrived , the women often found jobs more easily than men. Women became the supporters of the family.
Within the established lifestyle of industrialized twentieth century America, the strong role of women was not as attractive as in the early days of the country. Some women were active outside the home; others were not. However , when American men went to war in the 1940s, women stepped into the men’s jobs as factory and business workers. After the war, some women stayed in these positions , and others left their jobs with a new sense of their own ability.
Question 4:What is the main idea of this passage?
A.Different life styles led by the American women.
B.American women were free to step into nontraditional  roles.
C.American women worked hard to establish their roles in American history
D.American women were independent because they did not have to follow the regulations (rules)at all.

●案例探究
1.There are many famous museums throughout the world where people can enjoy art.Washington D.C.,the US,has the National Gallery of Art;Paris has the Louver,London,the British Museum.Florida International University(FIU) in Miami,the US also shows art for visitors to see.And it does so without a building,or even a wall for its drawings and paintings.
FIU has opened what it says is the first computer art museum in the United States.You don’t have to visit the University to see the art.You just need a computer linked to a telephone.
You can call the telephone number of a university computer and connect your own computer to it.All of the art is stored in the school computer.It is computer art,produced electronically by artists on their own computers.In only a few minutes,your computer can receive and copy all the pictures and drawings.
Robert Shostak is director of the new computer museum.He says he started the museum because computer artists had no place to show their work.
A computer artist could record his pictures electronically and send the records,or floppy discs,to others to see on their computers.He could also put his pictures on paper,of course.But to print good pictures on paper,the computer artist needed an expensive laser printer.
Robert Shostak says the electronic museum is mainly for art or computer students in schools and universities.Many of the pictures in the museum are made by the students.Mr. Shostak said the FIU museum will make computer art more fun for computer artists because more people can see it.He says artists enjoy their work much more if they have an audience.And the great number of home computers in America could mean a huge audience for his electronic museum.
Question:The main purpose of this text is to give information about ________.
A.famous museums throughout the world
B.an electronic art museum in Miami,U.S.A.
C.art exhibitions in Florida International University
D.latest development in computer art
命题意图：本题主要考查学生的归纳概括能力，属五星级题目。
错解分析：本题错选C、D两项的学生较多，原因是只抓住了文章中的只言片语，而忽视了前两段文字在文中的作用及贯穿文章始终的museum一词。
解题方法与技巧：（1）通读全文，抓住每段文字的主旨大意，尤其是文章的前两段。第一段作者告诉我们全世界有许多著名的艺术博物馆；第二段主要讲Florida International University新开的电脑艺术博物馆。随后各段就这家博物馆的领导者及博物馆的运作做了说明。（2）运用排除法，将较具干扰性的C、D两项排除掉。C项错误在于art exhibitions;D项中只讲电脑艺术的最新发展，与文章的前两段无法相符，也没有呼应贯穿文章始终的“art museum”。
答案：B
2.NMET 2002
In 1901,H.G. Wells,an English writer,wrote a book describing a trip to the moon.When the explorers(探险者) landed on the moon,they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities.They expressed their surprise to the “moon people” they met.In turn,the “moon people” expressed their surprise.“Why,”they asked,“are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”
H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon.In 1969,human beings really did land on the moon.People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon.However,the question that the “moon people” asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
Underground systems are already in place.Many cities have underground car parks.In some cities,such as Tokyo,Seoul and Montreal,there are large underground shopping areas.The “Chunnel”,a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France is now complete.
But what about underground cities?Japan’s Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground systems,called “Alice Cities”.The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats,offices,shopping,and so on.A solar dome(太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city.
Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space.The surface,they say,can be used for farms,parks,gardens,and wildernes.H.G.Wells’ “moon people” would agree.Would you?
Question:What would be the best title for the text?
A.Alice Cities—cities of the future.    B.Space travel with H.G. Wells.
C.Enjoy living underground.      D.Building down,not up.
命题意图：本题旨在考查学生的归纳概括能力，是一道主旨大意题，属五星级题目。
错解分析：此题学生容易错选B项，原因是没有通览全篇，只抓住了文章的后半部分，尤其是第四段。
解题方法与技巧：（1）通览全文，抓首段大意。（2）文章开篇叙述了H.G. Wells在其科幻小说中的“月球人”询问月球探险者：“为什么地球人不利用地球内部空间而到地球外部空间旅行呢？”；接着下一段讲述越来越多的科学家正在认真思考这一问题；随后两段叙述underground systems的利用及日本underground cities的设计；然后再根据文章最后一段首句：“Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space”，可判断出此题答案。
答案：D

●锦囊妙计
1.通读全文，重视首段，注意每段第一句话（尤其是论述性或说明性文章）。
2.归纳文章的段落大意。把握文章总体。
3.重视重要情节、人物及事物特征。
4.注意观察，找准贯穿上下文的关键词汇。
5.重视题干中的关键词汇：main idea,the best title,the writer mainly wants to tell (or:show)…

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