语法复习四：定语从句

（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导

1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as

2、关系副词：when, where, why

关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首(大家想一想什么叫从句来的? 在一个句子前面加上连词.在定语从句中这个连词叫做关系词.关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分)，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。

e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）

The comrade with whom I came knows French.

（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）

关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分,那么怎么作这个成分呢(下面的用法要牢记哟):

3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。

定语从句分为: 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句.怎么区分,对于我们初学者来说记住:非限制性定语从句前面或者后面有逗号!

（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，

甚至不合逻辑。

e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.

（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）

2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。

e.g. Tom’s father , who is over sixty,(看好这就是非限定性从语从句.注意到逗号了吗?) still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）

（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题

1、that与which的区别。

1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。

e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.

没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.

在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。

Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.

史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。

2）用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；

②代表整个主句的意思；③介词 + 关系代词。

e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.

他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。

注意: that与which的区别非常多了,很难记住. 一句话语法: 逗号后/介词后使用which,其它用that一定不会错

3）as引导定语从句时的用法

①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。

e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.

我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.

正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。

3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别

①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。

e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.

He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。

e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

一句话语法: as 用法—

1. 固定结构中,比如 such... as  so...as to ...;

2.如果句子译成正如...一样,一定使用 as

2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。

e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.

住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

一句话语法: 看一个第一个例子, who 指代的是哪个, the man, 所以只能是 who lives

3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。

e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。

e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which

( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

为什么会是这样: 关系副词=介词 + which?

October 1, 1949 was the day which  the People’s Republic of China

was founded on.

看一下上面这个句子,看懂了吗?  which 在从句中做on的宾语(宾语有两个,前面讲过的,一个是动词宾语,另一个是介词宾语). 再看下面这个例子:

October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

等量代换! 

5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。

e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。

e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.

高考语法复习四：定语从句

很多同学看了很多语法书, 可是觉得自己做题的时候, 自己对语法掌握得还不是很好. 当然原因很多. 其一就是很多同学在研究语法(这是语法学家做的事情), 比如哪些词可以做主语, 背得很熟, 可是做题时却用不上. 其二就是基本的语法规则没有掌握 本站推出语法复习专题, 从高考的角度来讲语法 希望对有需要的同学有帮助.

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特色: 推出一句话语法.一句话语法为语法之精要,在此基础上扩展就可以形成语法体系.

高考英语资料库编写组

语法复习四：定语从句

下面我们来做练习:

一句话语法: 看看从句缺主语吗?

            缺,先行词指人还是物?

            不缺,往下来

            缺宾语吗?

(注意要看好,一是动词有没有宾语;二是介词有没有宾语)

            缺,哪些先行词可作宾语?

            不缺,怎么办? 考虑用关系副词呀,就是 when where why

注意: 如果你发现关系词后面的名词前面什么也没有,光秃秃的,一定要考虑是不是应该用whose

名词性从句检测练习
1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London.
A. who    B. which    C. whom    D. when
2. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
A. whose    B. who    C. whom    D. which
3. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
4. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?
A. when   B. where    C. which     D. who
5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera
  ____ he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
1-5 ABACD
6. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here.
A. whom    B. which    C. who    D. when
7. Where is the man ____ I met this morning?
A. when    B. where   C. which    D. who
8. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who     B. /      C. that      D. when
9. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker.
A. who         B. whom      C. to whom    D. to who
10. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour.
A. with whom    B. when      C. to whom    D. which
 6-10 CDCCA

11. The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him    B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to        D. who the nurse is talking
12. The man ____ around our school is from America.
A. which you showed       B. you showed him
C. you showed            D. where you showed
13. He talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard.
A. of whom    B. from whom    C. about that    D. who
14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____
  were asked in French.
A. where    B. who     C. in which    D. which
15. Have you read the book ____ I lent to you?
A. that     B. whom    C. when    D. whose
11-15 CCADA
16. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. that   B. which    C. whatever    D. all
17. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly
  welcomed at the airport.
A. most of them   B. most of that   C. most of whom   D. most of those
18. This is the very letter ____came last night.
A. who      B. which      C. that     D. as
19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I.
A. whoever   B. whomever    C. anyone    D. the one
20. This is the school ____ we visited three days ago.
A. where     B. /      C. when     D. what
16-20 ACCAB
21. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.
A. where      B. that     C. which     D. on which
22. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.
A. which     B. in which    C. that    D. /
23. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.
A. that, what  B. what, that   C. which, what   D. that, which
24. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow?
A. that     B. which     C. its     D. whose
25. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. whom    B. who    C. to whom    D. form whom
21-25 ABBDC
26. Is this school ____ we visited three years ago?
A. the one     B. which    C. that     D. where
27. Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago?
A. the one     B. where     C. in which     D. /
28, How many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country?
A. whose     B. who     C. whom     D. which
29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.
A. it       B. which       C. that      D. he
30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ____ already
   seven other people.
A. when there were        B. which there were
C. that there were         D. where there were
26-30 ADABD
31. I live in the house ____ windows face south.
A. which     B. whose      C. where     D. in that
32. ---- What game is popular with them? ---- The ____ most is tennis.
A. game they like it         B. game they like
C. best game they like       D. best game they like it
33. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.
A. which  B. which time  C. during which time  D. during which
34. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large.
A. that         B. which    C. where       D. when
35. Don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the Youth League.
A. when        B. that      C. at which     D. where
31-35 BBDCA
36. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.
A. that        B. what       C. which      D. when
37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.
A. which       B. as        C. that       D. it
38. ____ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.
A. What    B. As    C. That    D. Which
39. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ.
A. whose    B. that    C. whom    D. who
40. I have bought two pens, ____ write well.
A. none of which  B. neither of which  C. both of which  D. all of which
36-40 CABCC
41. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind?
A. why    B. which    C. for that    D. of which
42. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. which      B. what     C. it     D. that
43. During the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article.
A. following    B. followed    C. to follow    D. that followed
44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.
A. It     B. Which      C. As     D. That
45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.
A. that was what  B. what was that  C. and which was  D. which was what
41-45 AADCD
46. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.
A. when     B. as     C. whose     D. what
47. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me.
A. when      B. as     C. whose      D. what
48. He is absent ____ is often the case.
A. what      B. which      C. who      D. as
49. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city.
A. that     B. which      C. what    D. when
50. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.
A. who      B. that      C. whom    D. which   46-50 BBDAB
51. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with
  the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life.
A. that, which   B. when, which   C. which, that   D. when, who
52. This is the only book ____ I can find.
A. that     B. which     C. it      D. with which
53. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way  B. the way in that  C. the way which  D. the way of which
54. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading.
A. is      B. are      C. has     D. have
55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.
A. is      B. are       C. has      D. have
56. There was ____ to prevent the accident.
A. something could do          B. anything we could do
C. nothing we couldn’t do       D. nothing we could do

51-56 BAABAD