省略和插入语

三、省略

为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：

（一）简单句中的省略

1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。

e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）

(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.

2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。

e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?

3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。

e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).

He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).

注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。

e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.

---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.

4、省略表语。

e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).

5、同时省略几个成分。

e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.

---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.

（二）并列句中的省略

两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。

e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.

I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.

（三）主从复合句中的省略

1、主句中有一些成分被省略。

e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.

(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.

2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。

e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.

---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.

这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。

（四）其它省略

1、连词that的省略：

①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。

②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。

③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。

2、不定式符号to的省略

①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。

e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.

②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。

e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。

e.g. The boy did nothing but play.

3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）

4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）

5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。

e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).

四、插入语

英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。

（一）插入语的类型：

1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。

e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。

I can, however, discuss this when I see you.

2、短语

e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.

By the way, where are you from?

3、句子

e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.

Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.

（二）插入语的位置

通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。

e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。

What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？

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