语法系列复习专题一名词篇

 名词的分类
   1) 专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross
   2) 普通名词：            
       可数名词：个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book
                     集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school, group, people                   
      不可数名词： 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea
                        抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news
     2．名词的复数
    可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：
1） 绝大多数在词尾加s。如：       book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.
    2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如：
       watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
       下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo
    3）以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby,babies;family,families;
   以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys
    4） 以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves;
   wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有：
   roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如：   handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves
    5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：
       man→men; woman→women; Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;
       tooth→teeth; child→children; mouse→mice
       少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注：  
       fishes表不同种类的鱼)
6）复合名词：
A.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers,
four women doctors
     B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：
  lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人
     C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：
      grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人
7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄，
   findings 调查结果， doings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks      
   烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯
    8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：
       take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候
 2.名词的所有格
1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”,如：Tom’s bike,
     Marx’s works
     以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“’”或“’s”。如：Engels’/Engels’s works
     以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“’”。如：students’ homework,a workers’ night 
     school 一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“’s”。如：men’s clothes
     男士衣服 children’s books 儿童读物
2） 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。例如：Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom’s and Mike’s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间
3） 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。
  如：the tailor’s  裁缝店，the barber’s理发店，go to the doctor’s上诊所， 
  at my uncles在我叔叔家
4） 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示 所有格。如：today’s newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’ work,ten minutes′walk,China’s population,Shanghai’s industry
5） 表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：
the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
6） 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of＋所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：
He is an old friend of my father’s.   This is a picture of Mary’s.

考点分析
1． He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
   A.wealth; work   B.wealths; works   C.weaths;work   D.wealth ;works
析：此题答案D。因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除A。
    2.Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______
  international trade today.
  A.a; ×     B.the ; an     C.the ;the     D.×;the
析：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词。
     由以上两点可确定答案为A。
3.Oh, John _____you gave us !
 A.How a great surprise   B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
析：正确答案为C。“a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：
an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。
    4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up .
       A.glass wine        B.wine glass      C.wine’s glass   D.glass of wine     析：根据broke一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。
① 例： woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution
② 例：book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China
    ③例：milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush
5.________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
     A.What     B.What a        C.How         D.How a
    析：这是一个感叹句，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词，其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。
6.Shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the spot to keep order .
 A.dozens of   B.dozens       C.dozens’ of    D.dozen
    析： 正确答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词，且表示具体数目时，这些名词一般不用复数形式，但在下列短语中却加S，并与of连用:dozens of (许多的)，scores of (好几十的)，hundreds of (成百的)，thousands of (上千的)，millions of （数百万的）
7.I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little ______.
      A.wait       B.time         C.patience       D.rest
    析：由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”，可知下句是要对方不要着急，故答案应为C。这是由情景，语境确定答案题目。
8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _________.
      A.message     B.letter       C.sentence         D.notice
析：答案为A。道理同第7题。
                            

专题练习
1._________from Beijing to London!
A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is
2.We’ve  worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into________.
  A.fact             B.practice     C.reality        D.deed
3.Electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased in price.
  A.pressure         B.force        C.strength       D.energy
4．That fellow is clever ; he has ___________.
  A.brain            B.a brain      C.the brain      D.brains
5.Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
  A.shoes store      B.shoe’s store   C.shoe store    D.shoes’ store
6.Those ______ took lots of ______ in the Summer Palace.
  A.Germen; photoes              B.Germen; photos
  C.Germans; photos              D.Germans; photoes
7.All possible means __________ to save the hero.
  A.has tried        B.have tried        C.has been tried   D.have been tried
8.——Whose car is it ?
  ——It’s________.
  A.Tom and Mary                  B.Tom’s and Mary’s
  C.Tom’s and Mary                 D.Tom and Mary’s
9.There are 5____ in th fields.
  A.heads of cattles               B.heads of cattle
  C.head of cattles                D.head of cattle
10.He is the very thief the police ________ looking for .
  A.is         B.are      C.has      D.have
11.All but Jack __________ here just now .
  A.is         B.are      C.was      D.were
12.He knows almost everything .So we say  he is a man of many _________.
  A.knowleges      B.presents          C.gifts       D.rewards
13.Carelessness is the usual __________ of fire.
  A.way            B.excuse            C.cause        D.reason
14.The girl is quite ________to her mother now .
  A.a help         B.helps              C.help        D.helpness
15._______is coming to give us a lecture .
  A.A manager and an expert             B.A manager and expert
  C.Manager and expert                  D.Manager and an expert
16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of __________.
  A.stone          B.the stone        C.a stone        D.the stones
17.If you hurt her _________ ,you should apologize.
  A.feelings       B.feel      C.feels          D.feeling
18.I’ll go and call at __________ right after school.
  A.the doctor        B.the Smiths       C.Smith       D.my uncle’s
19.The shop will be closed   during_________.
  A.repairs         B.a repair         C.repair       D.repairing
20.The¬¬________we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.
  A.mouse           B.deer             C.dog          D.cow
21.My brother didn’t find army life to his __________.
  A.like            B.taste            C.quality       D.favour
22.Though they hadn’t met for long ,he recognized her ___________.
  A.voice           B.noise            C.sound         D.laughter
23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _______.
  A.the high spirit                     B.high spirits    
  C.a high spirit                       D.high spirit
24.After _______ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .
  A.three-year       B.a three-year     C.three years   D.three yearss
25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller__________.
  A.copy             B.pair             C.piece          D.set  
26.That daughter of Jack’s is ______.
  A.a good fun       B.good runs        C.good fun        D.good funny
27._______will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(93年上海高考题)
  A.The Evenses’       B.The Evens’        C.The Evenses     D.The Evens
28.He is one of the most successful_______ in the city.
  A.newspaper’s writer                  B.newspaper writers
  C.nesapapers’  writer                 D.newspaper writer
29.——Where is your brother?
   ——At_____.
  A.Mr Green’s        B.Greens       C.the Mr Green’s       D.the Greens
30.——Are you _______ ,Mr Black?
   ——Yes ,I speak______.
  A.English ; the English language         B.the English ; English
  C.an Englishman;   on English language   D.an English ; English

答    案
   1－5  D  B  D  D  C              6－10  C  D  D  D  B
 11－15  D  C  C  A  B            16－20  A  A  D  A  B
 21－25  B  A  B  B  B            26－30  C  C  B  A  A