语法复习八：动词时态和语态

一句话语法: 时态题关键是确定时间点,时间点是通过语境来确定.

一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。

1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.

2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.

二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。

1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。

2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的

基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:

(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.

(2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959.

(3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished?

(4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day.

(5)现在进行时：

Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：

The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.

(7)现在完成时：

The work hasn’t been finished yet.

(8)过去完成:

 The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.

3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.

4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.

一句话语法: 时态题关键是确定时间点,时间点是通过语境来确定.

被动语态的结构是: be+v-ed;

完成被动形式是什么呢,对, 就是完成+被动

have/has/had +v-ed 是完成; 被动是: be+v-ed; 两者组合在一起:

have/has/had been +v-ed;

其它时态的被动形式,以此类推.

动词时态与语态检测练习（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing    B. plays    C. was playing    D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked    B. is locking    C. has locked.    D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens   B. is happening   C. will happen   D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let      B. lets      C. is letting     D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to      B. will be       C. shall         D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes          B. is coming     C. had come      D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did          B. are doing         C. have done     D. has done
9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "
A. saw         B. has seen     C. had seen           D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's.
  Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming       B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be       D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed   B. washed   C. had been washing   D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it       B. have been writing it
C. wrote it             D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say    B. couldn't speak to    C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built   B. built   C. was set up     D. had been built
16. " When ______ school begin?" " Next Monday. "
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave    B. not leave    C. come    D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died    B. died.    C. has been dead    D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come   B. came    C. will come    D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been    B. it is   C. It was    D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to  B. have been to   C. have been in   D. have gone into
24. "How long haven't we seen each other? "
 "Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "
A. is/have met   B. was/had met    C. is/met   D. has been/had met
25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "
A. it was not being held       B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held            D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop      B. will stop     C. stopped    D. has stopped
27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere."
  "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "
A. did you put/have put               B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting            D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years
  since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed    B. was enjoying   C. enjoyed   D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come     B. came     C. will come    D. coming
30. ______ you ______?
A. Do/marry   B. Have/married   C. Have/been married   D. Are/married

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