重点难点回顾
stomach－stomachs radio - radios, photo - photos, piano - pianos
bamboo - bamboos, zoo - zoos
a German－three Germans, an American－two Americans
man servant－men servants; woman doctor－women doctors;
man cook - men cooks; woman singer - women singers
papers 报纸, 文件manners礼貌 goods货物 works 工厂, 著作
looks 外表 glasses 眼镜 greens青菜 hairs几根头发
times 时代 sands 沙滩, 沙地 irons脚镣手铐 drinks饮料
forces 军队 spirits 酒精, 情绪
keep(break) one's word 守(失)信 leave word 留言
a man of his word 有信用的人 in a word 简言之
word for(by) word 逐字地 upon my word 说实在话
eat one words 收回前言, 认错 in other words 换句话说
the last words 临终的话 waste one's words 白费口舌
have words with 与某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with 与某人说几句话
a friend of my father's; a few friends of Liming's ;
that book of Liming's; two friends of my brother's
1)主语形式虽为单数, 但意义为复数, 谓语动词用复数。例如:
The crowd were running for their lives．
单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police , cattle, militia(民兵)等。
2)主语形式为复数, 而意义上却是单数, 谓语动词用单数。例如:
The news was very exciting．
形复意单的单词有news, works(工厂)和一些以ics结尾的学科名称,physics, politics, economics,mathematics等。
某些集体名词, 如people, police, cattle, militia 等, 只当复数看待, 谓语动词必须用复数。例如:The police are searching for him.
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式, 如:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主语用“a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如:A pair of shoes was on the desk．
this kind of men的谓语用单数, men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数。all kinds of 后跟复数名词, 谓语用复数形式。
并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy．
The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor．
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited．
The room with its furniture was rented．
A (great) number of, many, a few 修饰可数复数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; a little, much, a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
如果主语由“the＋形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时, 谓语通常用复数, 这类词有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等；
当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited．
The room with its furniture was rented．
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here．
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．
19)疑问代词who, what, which 作主语时, 谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单复数。例如:
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu. Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu.
Which is (are) your book(s)? What produce(s) heat?
two score of people中应加“of”，
但three score and ten people “七十人”中不加of。
scores of people指“许多人”
表示“在几十年代”用in＋the＋“逢十的数词复数”。例如：
in the 1990s 或90's或nineties．
季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain
限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。
某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。例如：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
plenty of， a lot of 一般不用于疑问句和否定句中，通常用many或much代替。
1)close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地
2)free 免费地 freely自由地,无拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly几乎不
4)late 晚，迟 lately 近来
5)most 极,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”
9)loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10)near邻近 nearly几乎
good well/better best bad/ill,badly worse worst
many/much more most little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest old elder/older eldest/oldest
比较级的用法
①双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级＋than”的结构表示。
例如：This pen is better than that one．
②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示。例如：
This room is less beautiful than that one．
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰。例如：He works even harder than before．
注意:英语的比较级前如无even, still,或yet 等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“……一些”或不译出,一般不可用“更”,如:
She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了。
Please come earlier tomorrow.请明天早点来。
注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。
如:He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the＋比较级(主语+谓语),the＋比较级(主语+谓语)”的结构。例如：
The harder he works，the happier he feels．
⑤不与其它事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”的结构。例如：The weather is getting colder and colder．
The girl becomes more and more beautiful．
⑥某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。(这些词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等。例如：
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．
⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如：
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．
⑧表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A) A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
例如:The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。
(这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍［高三倍］)。
B) A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.例如:
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
(亚洲比欧洲大三倍。)
C) A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider,etc.) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。(你们的学校是我们学校的四倍大。)
用 times 表示倍数, 一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double
3)最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。例如：
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three．He works (the) hardest in his class．
②最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really,nothing like等词语所修饰。例如:
This hat is by far/ much/ nearly/ almost / not nearly/by no means/ not quite/nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat coat?
③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。He is the tallest (boy) in his class．
⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。例如：
Of all the boys he came (the) earliest．
如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themslves.
6)almost与nearly
①两者都可以修饰 all, every, always等词，都可以用于否定句中。
②在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：
I'm not nearly ready.
③在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：
I almost never see her.
need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：
You needn't come so early. Need I finish the work today? －－Yes, you must.
注意：needn't＋不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如：You needn't have waited for me.
“should＋have＋过去分词”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didn't)
书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have,be,hear,see,like等词一般不用进行时。
有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：
The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。
虚拟语气在动词 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)＋ 动词原形”。
例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
注意:insist 作“力言”、“强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当 insist 作“坚持(认为),”“坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)＋动词原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
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