英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。
 一、倒装的类型
 完 全倒 装 
Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.
学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。 整个谓语移至主语之前。
 部 分
 倒 装 Seldom does he go to school late.
他上学很少迟到。 只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。

二、倒装结构的基本用法
1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装

疑问句中
Have you got a dictionary?
你有一本字典吗？
Where did he go last Monday?
上星期一他去什么地方了？
Are you listening to the radio?
你在听广播吗？
Who told you the news?
谁告诉你那个消息的？
Which boy broke this glass?
哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？ 用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。
“there be”结构中 There are three wells in our village.
我们村里有三口水井。
There stands a big paper making factory by the river.
河边有座大型造纸厂。 
在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中 Here is a letter for you.
这儿有你一封信。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Now comes your turn to play.
现在轮到你玩了。
Away went the crowd one by one .
人们一个一个地离去。
Look, there he comes!   看，他来了。
Down she went  她下来了。 使用完全倒装结构。
但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。
在以neither nor 或no more开头的句子中 I can’t swim, nor (neither)can she .
我不会游泳，她也不会。
He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.
他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。
He did not turn up. No more did his wife.
他没有来，他妻子也没有来。 表示……也不这样， neither和nor意思相同，可以替换使用，no more表示动作的程度并不比前面提到的稍强。意为也不…。

用在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 Proud as the nobles are ,he is afraid to see me .
尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。
Young as he is, he knows a lot .
虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。 从属连句as用于特殊语序，含义与though, although相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前）

2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）

含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时
Never before have we seen such a sight.
以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。
Little did I think that he could be back alive.
我没有想到他竟能活着回来。
Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift.
我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
不仅他所有的一切被没收了，而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了。 常用否定词有：       never,not,hardly,
scarcely seldom, little, not until, not only…but also, no sooner …than, hardly (scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。
副词only放在句首时 Only then did he realize his mistakes .
只有在那时，他才认识到自己的错误。
Only in this way can you learn maths well .
只有用这种方法，你才能学好数学。
Only Mother can understand me .
只有母亲最理解我。
Only three of us failed in the exam.
我们中只有三个人考试不及格。 only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语+部分倒装”。

如置于句首的only修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。

虚拟语气条件从句中 Were they here, they would help us .
他们要是在这儿，他们会帮助我们的。
Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something.
我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。
Should you fail, take more pain and try again.
万一你失败了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。  把从句中if省略将were，had或should放在主语的前面。
直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时 “He is a clever boy”said the teacher.
老师说：“他是个聪明的孩子。”
“Go, Dick, go!”cried Tom,“Go home and get help”“走，狄克，走！”汤姆呼喊着，“快回家去求援”
“What do you think of the film? ”he asked.
他问“你认为这部电影怎么样？”
“I’m leaving for Hongkong next month”Mary told me yesterday.
玛利告诉我“我下月要去香港”。 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。
但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。
表示祝愿的句子中 May you succeed!  祝你成功。
Long live the Communist Party of China.
中国共产党万岁！ 谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。
副词so在句首 He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I .
他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。
They will learn chemistry next term, so will I .
他们下学期学化学，我也学。
I can drive a car, so can my younger brother.
我会开汽车，我弟弟也会开车。 表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。
 —Tom won the first prize for the English
   competition.
－So he did.
英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。
It was cold yesterday. So it was .
昨天天气冷。的确冷。 如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。
在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中 Often did we warn them not to do so.
我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。
Many a time has she helped me with my English.
她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。 
在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首 Thus ended his life.这样结束了他的生命。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .
他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。 
介词短语作状语，放在句首 In the middle of the room stood a little girl.
在房间中央站着一个小女孩。
In the distance was a horse.
马在远处。 
在强调表语的句子中 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.
阿尔伯特?曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。
Such is life. 生活就是这样。
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.
附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。 表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构达到平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。

【专项训练】
Ⅰ、选择填空
1、       that we all went out, lying in the sun.
 A．The weather so fine was    B．So fine was the weather
 C．So the weather was fine    D．So was fine weather
2、Under his arm      a pair of shoes which he had bought from the shop a few days before.
 A．is    B．are   C．was   D．were
3、      who had arrested him three times for carrying drugs.
 A．Before George stood the policeman
 B．Before George the policeman stood
 C．Before the policeman stood George
 D．Before George did the policeman
4、Then        we had been looking forward to .
 A．came the hour      B．the hour came
 C．comes the hour    D．the hour is coming
5、Only when he started to explain        the reason for this.
 A．she realized     B．did she realize
 C．she had realized     D．had she realized
 6、       succeed in doing anything.
 A．Only by working hard we can   
 B．By only working hard we can
 C．Only by working hard can we
 D．Only we can by working hard
7、Not for a moment       the truth of your story.
 A．he has doubted     B．he doubts
 C．did he doubt     D．he did doubt
8、Nowhere else in the world       cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
 A．a tourist can find    B．can a tourist find
 C．a tourist will find    D．a tourist has found
 9、Hardly        when the bus suddenly pulled away.
 A．they had got to the bus-stop  B．they got to the bus-stop
 C．did they get to the bus-stop  D．had they got to the bus -stop
 10、Mary doesn’t speak French, and         does Joan.
 A．not   B．neither  C．either   D．so
11、—Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?  —I don’t know,       .
 A．nor don’t I care    B．nor do I care
 C．I don’t care neither    D．I don’t care also
12、Not until the early years of the 19th century     what heat is.
 A．man did know     B．man knew 
 C．didn’t man know    D．did man know
13、After that we never saw her again nor       from her.
 A．did we hear     B．we heard
 C．had we heard     D．we have heard
14、John won the first prize in the contest.             .
 A．So he did.      B．So did he.  
 C．So he did, too.     D．So did he, too.
15、      ,he doesn’t study well.
 A．As he is clever     B．He is as clever
 C．Clever as he is     D．As clever he is
16、You can never use my tape recorder.     time should you touch that machine.
 A．At no  B．At any   C．Any   D．No
17、Scarcely     the room       the phone rang.
 A．I had entered…when   B．Had I entered…then
 C．had I entered…when   D．have I entered…when
 18、Only        save his life.
 A．can the doctor     B．the doctor can
 C．will the doctor     D．could the doctor
19、Hardly anybody      the boy , because he is rude.
 A．does like   B．likes  C．do like  D．like
20、So well      that the teacher praised her.
 A．she had done her homework
 B．her homework had been done
 C．did she do her homework
 D．she did her homework
21、Only when       to know him will you get along with him.
 A．do you come     B．will you come  
 C．you come      D．you will come
22、Out       , gun in hand.
 A．did he rush     B．rushed he  
 C．he rushed      D．had he rushed
23、He had promised me to come to the party ,and       .
 A．so did he    B．so he did    C．so he would  D．so would he
24、Into the sky       the light blue smoke.
 A．went up   B．up went   C．did go up   D．had gone up
25、Little        about his own life at the meeting.
 A．did he talk      B．he talked
 C．he was talking      D．had he talked
26、Under no circumstances      first use nuclear weapons.
 A．will China  B．China will  C．does China  D．do China
27、       taken that examination, she could have passed it .
 A．Were she       B．Had she be able to  
 C．If she would have     D．Had she
28、       tomorrow , we would put off the match till next Monday.
 A．Should it rained     B．Were it to rain
 C．If it would rain      D．Had it rained
29、Look, here     .
 A．Mr. Brown comes      B．does Mr. Brown come
 C．comes Mr. Brown     D．Mr. Brown has come
30、Often      us good advice.
 A．did she give      B．she did give
 C．she gave       D．she has given
31、Not until I began to work      how much time I had wasted.
 A．didn’t I realize      B．did I realize
 C．I didn’t realize      D．I realize
32、Little       about his own safety , though he was in great danger himself.
 A．does he care      B．did he care
 C．he cares       D．he cared
33、       began our new lesson.
 A．But    B．Thus   C．Such  D．So that
34、By no means       look down upon the poor.
 A．we should      B．we should not
 C．do we        D．should we
35、Only when      30 years old           to learn English.
 A．was he , did he begin    B．he was , he began
 C．was he , he began     D．he was ,did he begin
36、Not once        their plan.
 A．did they change     B．they changed
 C．changed they      D．they did changed
37、“It’s very hot today.”“           .”
 A．So it is   B．So is it    C．So does it  D．So it does
38、A fish needs water and without water it will die.           
 A．So does a man      B．So will a man
 C．So it is with a man     D．So is it with a man 
39、They arrived at the farmhouse, in front of which               .
 A．sat a small boy      B．a small boy sat
 C．is sitting a small boy     D．a small boy sitting
40、Society has changed and       in it .
 A．so have the people     B．so the people have
 C．the people have so    D．have the people so
Ⅱ、改错
41、Only when was he 50 years old did he begin to learn French.
42、Little she knew Tom was was badly ill
43、Turn to the right and there are you.
44、And all around the fox in a circle was dogs.
45、—You can learn English well.
 —So can we.
46、I dare climb this tall tree, but do you?
47、Not once he kept his promise.
48、Many a time he has given us some good advice.
49、Such a noise there was that I couldn’t work in the room.
50、Only does my mother understand me.
【答案】：
Ⅰ、
  1、B  2、C  3、A  4、A  5、B  6、C  7、C  8、B  9、D  10、B  11、B  12、D
 13、A  14、A  15、C  16、A  17、C  18、B
 19、B  20、C  21、C  22、C  23、B  24、A
 25、A  26、A  27、D  28、B  29、C  30、A
 31、B  32、B  33、B  34、D  35、D  36、A
 37、A  38、C  39、A  40、A 
Ⅱ、
  41、was he —he was 倒装主句不倒装从句。
 42、She knew—did she know 此句为半倒装句。
 43、are you —you are 此句为全部倒装句如主语是代词则不倒装。
 44、was—were主语是dogs 。
 45、so we can 主语we与上一句中的主语you所指相同故不同倒装。
 46、do you—dare you 前面句中用情态，后面要呼应。
 47、he kept—did he keep
 48、he has—has he
 49、?
 50、去掉does，将understand改为understands。only后面跟状语倒装，后跟主语不倒装。