语法系列复习专题十－虚拟语气、倒装句型
虚拟语气
虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。
一、 虚拟语气在单句中的用法
常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如：
Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！
          be happy!                     快乐！
              have a good time!             玩得愉快！
          succeed!                      成功！
          make progress!                进步！

二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法：
1． 在非真实性条件句与主句中的用法
1） 表示与现在事实相反
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be多用于were） would/should/could/might＋动词原形
例如：If I were you,I should accept the invitation.
      如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。
      If I had time,I would go there.
      如果我有空，我就去那儿。

2） 与过去事实相反
条件从句 主句
过去完成时 would/should/could/might＋have done
    例如：If you had come earlier,you couldnt/wouldnt have missed the bus.
          如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。
          If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
          如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。

3） 与将来事实可能相反
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be多用were）
should do,were to do would/should/could/might＋动词原形

例如：If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow,the sports meet would be              
      put off.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。）
      If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break.
      万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。

4） if的省略
如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should
置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。
例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.

5)条件句或主句的省略
当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。
例如：——Why didnt you attend the party yesterday?
      ——I would/should have,but I was too busy then.
I was surprised that you didnt like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.）

6)混合时间条件句与主句
条件句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。
例如：If the teacher hadnt been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had reviewed the lesson,you would answer the question now.

7)含蓄条件句与主句
即用without(＝but for),or(else)代替if从句。
例如：Without/But for his help,we wouldnt have made such great progress.

＝If                       his help,we wouldnt have made such great progress.

2.在as if/as though引导的状语从句中用法：
在as if/as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用倒退一个时间段的方式来表达虚拟语气。例如：
The man speaks as if he were a foreigner./The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times./They talked as if they had been good friends for years.

注：as if/as though从句中不一定都要用虚拟语气。如果情况真实性、可能性很大，就要用正常时态来描绘。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起来象要下雨。（下雨的可能性很大。）

    3．在宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句中的用法：
1） 在wish后的宾语从句中的用法：
A．与过去事实相反的愿望：宾从谓语为“had done”形式。例如：I wish I had passed yesterdays exam.要是我昨天的考试及格了该多好。
B．与现在事实相反的愿望：宾从谓语为“did”形式。例如：He wishes he was as clever as you./I wish I had a large room to live in.
C．表示将来愿望：宾从谓语用“would/could do”形式。例如：How I wish I would go abroad next year!

2)在suggest,propose,demand,request,require,order,insist等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语为“(should) do”形式。例如：I suggest/propose/demand/request/require/order/
insist that he(should) be sent to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

3)在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”结构中，that从句的谓语用一般过去

时或“should do”形式。例如：It is high time he                  他该开始了。

4)在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：在suggestion,proposal,request,requirement,
advice等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中，谓语用“(should) do”形式。例如：
My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups./He gave an order that the work be done at once.

虚拟语气考点分析
1．——Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?
   ——I _____,but I had an unexpected visitor.   (NMET)
  A.had    B.would    C.was going to    D.did
  析:此题A、D明显不合上下文，因为乙方没有去。B选项若为would have则成立，可以理解为I would have come if I hadnt had an unexpected visitor.的简略式。但此处是would,故应排除。只有was going to可得体地表达“我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造访”这一意思。
2．If there were no subjunctive,English ______ much easier.    (NMET)
  A.will be     B.would have been    C.could have been    D.would be
  析：观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为D。
3．The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ______ the rules.    (NMET)
  A.obeys    B.obey    C.will obey    D.would obey
  析：根据insist后的宾语从句谓语要用(should) do形式规律，可定正确答案是B。
4．I wish I _____ you yesterday.
  A.seen    B.did see    C.had seen    D.were to see
  析：此题表与过去事实相反的原望，答案应为C。
5．—— If he _____ ,he _____ that food.
   —— Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.    (NMET)
  A.was warned;would not take    B.had been warned;would not have taken
  C.wuld be warned;had not taken    D.would have been warned;had not taken
  析：从对话看，是表达与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为B。
6.Without electricity human life _____ quite different today.   (NMET)
  A.is    B.will be    C.would have been     D.would be
  析：without引出一个含蓄条件句，主句表述的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为D。
7．When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it look as if it _____.  (NMET)
  A.breaks    B.has broken    C.were broken    D.had been broken
  析；放入水中的铅笔看上去是断的，但实际上并非如此，因此是与现在的事实相反，这时as if从句谓语要用一般过去时，故答案为C。
8．You didnt let me drive.If we _____ in turn,you _____ so tired.   (NMET)
  A.drove;didnt get             B.drove;wouldnt get 
  C.were driving;wouldnt get    D.had driven;wouldnt have got
  析：观察题干，可知if从句表述与过去事实相反的假设，因此答案只能是D。
9．I didnt see your uncle at the party.If he _____ ,he would have said hello to 
   me.
  A.would come    B.had come    C.came    D.did come
  析：观察题目上下文，特别是第二句的主句谓语为 would have said，可知if从句表述的是与过去事实相反的愿望，因此答案为B。
10．_____ it _____ for your help,I couldnt have made any progress.
  A.Had;not been    B.Should;not be    C.Did;not be    D.Not;be
  析：根据主句谓语形式，可知从句要用had done形式，故应选A，Had it not been for your help＝If it had not been for your help.（要不是你帮忙的话）
11．Mr Smith was badly ill,or he _____ our dinner party.
  A.should come to    B.would have attended   
  C.would come to    D.should have attended
  析：or可引导含蓄条件句，表达虚拟语气。根据此题内容，可知是与过去事实相反的假设，故答案为B。

倒装句型
英语的倒装有两大类型：
一、 全部倒装：指谓语全部置于主语之前的倒装，有下列几种情况：
1． here,there,away,in,out,down,up,off,back,now,then等在句首时引起全部倒装。
   例如：
   Here is a letter for you./There goes the last train./The door opened,and in came Mr Smith./Away went the boy./Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas./Back came the others./Out rushed the boy with an apple in his hand./Then came a noise like thunder./Now comes the bus.
2． 介词短语或方位名词词组作地点状语位于句首，引起全部倒装。例如：
In the corner of the room stands a writing－table./South of the city lies a big factory./Under the bed lies a cat./In these oceans live huge numbers of a small  fish 5cm long.
注：以上两种完全倒装主语必须是名词，谓语常是表示方位或转移的不及物动词，如lie,live,sit,stand,be,come,go,rise,walk,run等，主语若是人称代词或谓语不属上述动词之列，则不用完全倒装。例如：
Here it rains a lot every month of the year./Here we are!/Off you go!/Then she went to the shop.

3．在there be 结构中，采用全部倒装语序。例如：
   There is a book in the bag.
     表  系  主语
4．代词such作表语，意“这样的人”“这样的物”，应置于句首，其后全部倒装。例如：
   Such were the facts./Such would be our home in the future.

二、 部分倒装：指部分谓语（如助动词、情态动词）位于主语之前的倒装。有下列一些情况：
1．一般疑问句，选择疑问句，反意问句要求部分倒装。例如：Has he finished his work?/Its 
   a lovely day,isnt it?
2．特殊疑问词不作主语或不作主语的定语的特殊疑问句要求部分倒装。例如：
   When did you go there?/Which do you like best?
3．only修饰动词、介词短语、状语从句，并置于句首时，主句中要部分倒装。例如：
   Only when the rain stopped did the match start again.
   注：“only＋名词/代词”置于句首不要倒装。例如：
   Only he can do it.(正)    Only can he do it. (误)
4．含有否定意义的副词，如：not,never,neither,nor,seldom,hardly,little等置于句
   首时，要求部分倒装。例如：
   Hardly can I believe that./Never has he been to the Great Wall./Seldom does she 
   write to me.
5．not only…but(also)…连接两个分句，not only置于句首，它所引导的这部分要部
   分倒装，但but(also)部分不要倒装。例如；
   Not only should we study science,but also we should pay attention to politics.
   注：若not only…but(also)…连接两个主语，句子不要倒装。
6．not until引起一个短语或引导一个从句置于句首时，主句中要求部分倒装。例如：
Not until he was ten did he go to school./Not until yesterday did I realize what   trouble he was in.
7．hardly…when…;no sooner…than…句型中，若hardly,no sooner位于句首时，主句
   中要求部分倒装。例如：
   Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang./No sooner had he finished his     talk than he was surrounded(包围)by the workers.
8．so表“也”、“同样”意，位于句首时，其后要部分倒装。例如：
   You can swim,so can I./If you go,so will I.

倒装语序考点分析
1． Not only _____ polluted but _____ crowded.   (上海高考)
A.was the city;were the streets    B.the city was;the streets were
C.was the city;the streets were    D.the city was;were the streets
析：not only部分要部分倒装，可排除B、D。but(also)部分不要倒装，故C为正确答案。
2． Little _____ about his own safety,though he was in great danger himself. 
                                                                    (上海高考)
   A．does he care    B.did he care    C.he care    D.he cared
   析：否定意义的Little在句首，该句要倒装，故答案在A、B之中选择一个，因A的时
   态不对，故答案为B。
3．Only in this way _____ progess in your English.  (NMET)
   A.you make    B.can you make    C.you be able to make    D.will you able to come
   析：Only 修饰in this way置于句首，句子要部分倒装，故答案为B。
4．Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was.(NMET)
   A.did the villagers realize    B.the villagers realized
   C.the villagers did realize    D.didnt the villagers realize
   析：由于Not until在句首，主句要采用部分倒装，这样先可排除B、C，又由于D不
   应该用didnt,故A为正确答案。
5．Be quick! _____
   A.The bus comes here    B.The bus here comes   
   C.Here the bus comes    D.Here comes the bus
   析：用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作出现在倒装句中，所以此题答案为D。（＝The bus   is coming here.）
6．On the wall _____ two large portraits.    (NMET)
   A.hangs    B.hang    C.hanged    D.hanging
   析：由于介词短语on the wall位于句首，全句要采用完全倒装式，因为主语是复数，所以正确答案为B。

虚拟语气、倒装句型专练
1. Little _____ about what others think.
A.he has cared    B.he cares    C.cared he    D.does he care
2._____ got into the room _____ the telephone rang.  (NMET)
  A.He hardly had;then    B.Hardly had he;when
  C.He had not;than       D.Not had he;when
3.Only by practising a few hours every day _____ be able to master the language.
                                                                     (上海高考)
  A．you can    B.can you    C.you will    D.will you
4.If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it.
  A.saw;would ask         B.had seen;would have asked   
  C.had seen;would ask    D.saw;would have asked
5.What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days?
  A.is    B.will be    C.were    D.would be
6._____ you succeed in everything and _____ you be healthy.
  A.Hope;wish    B.Wish;hope    C.May;may    D.Expect;hope
7.But for your help,I _____ the place.
  A.cant find    B.cant have found    C.couldnt have found    D.havent found
8.If her lawyer _____ here last Sunday,he _____ her from going.
  A.had been;would have prevented    B.had been;would prevent
  C.were;would prevent               D.were;would have prevented
9.If it had not been for the liberation,no changes _____ place in my hometown.
  A.would have taken    B.would have been taken    C.will taken     D.will be taken
10._____ late tommorrow,who would take her place?
  A.Should Miss Green come    B.If Miss Green would come
  C.Miss Green should come    D.If Miss Green comes
11._____ it _____,the crops _____ be saved.
  A.Had;rained;could    B.Should;rain;would   
  C.If;rains;should     D.Would;rain;should
12.The actor is over fifty.But he acts as if he _____ a young man.
  A.is    B.will be     C.should be    D.were
13.It seems as if it ____ already summer now.
  A.were    B.be    C.is    D.had been
14.I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday.
  A.saw    B.could see    C.had seen    D.was seeing
15.I made the suggestion that they _____ the plan they had made.
  A.stick to     B.stuck to    C.insist    D.insisted on
16.It is suggested that a study plan _____ right now.
  A.is made    B.is to be made    C.be made    D.had been made
17.They required that we _____ them get in the crops.
  A.help    B.helped    C.were helping    D.would help
18.She should have attended the class,but she _____ .
  A.hadnt    B.hasnt    C.didnt    D.doesnt

19.It was ordered that no smoking _____ in the library,which made the smokers  unhappy.
  A.is forbidden    B.would permit    C.be allowed    D.should not be allowed
20.Not once _____ his view of life.
  A.did the gentleman mention    B.the gentleman mentioned
  C.mentioned the gentleman      D.does the gentleman mention
21.In the sun _____ a group of young soldiers,gun in hand.
  A.did stand    B.had stood    C.standing    D.stood
22. ——You forgot to hand in your homework yesterday.
    ——Good heavens! _____.Here you are.
  A.So I did    B.So did I    C.I did,too    D.So you have
23._____ with his slippers on when he heard the terrible noise.
  A.Out did he rush    B.Rushed he out    C.Out rushed he    D.Out he rushed
24.No sooner _____ finished the composition _____ the light went out.
  A.I had;when    B.I had;than    C.had I;when    D.had I;than
25.It was not until _____ to prepare his lessons.
A. did his father come in that the boy began
B. his father came in that the boy began
C. did his father come in did the boy begin
D. his father came in did the boy begin
26._____,so you are not a friend of mine.
  A.I never saw you before          B.Never before I have seen you
  C.Never before have I seen you    D.Never had I seen you before
27.——David has made great progress recently.
   ——_____,and _____.    (上海高考)
  A.So he has;so you have    B.So he has;so have you
  C.So has he;so have you    D.So has he;so you have
28.Never _____ till tomorrow what may be done today.
  A.put off     B.do put off     C.did you put off     D.you will put off
29.——Have you written these letters?
   ——No,_____ time to do any other work yet.
  A.hardly I have        B.I have had hardly   
  C.I have hardly had    D.I hardly have had
30._____ get such a pair of shoes for my son?
  A.Where do you think can I    B.Do you think where can I
  C.Do you think where I can    D.Where do you think I can
31.Then _____ that the enemy were gone.
  A.the news came    B.came the news    C.did the news come    D.did come the news
32.——What a beautiful bridge,_____?
   ——Yes,_____?
  A.isnt it;isnt it    B.is it;is it    C.isnt it;it is    D.is it;it isnt
33.Along the path _____,on which _____ “Keep off the Grass”.
  A.stood some signs;were written     B.stood some signs;wrote
  C.some signs stood;were written     D.some signs stood;wrote
34.He took a taxi so that he _____ there in time.
  A.was able to be     B.got    C.could get    D.should get
35.Id rather Tom _____ tomorrow.
  A.come    B.would come    C.came    D.will come
36.It is about time you ____ the medicine,sir.
  A.will take    B.should take    C.must take    D.are to take
37.If there _____ no electricity in the future,our life _____ change a lot.
  A.will be;will    B.is;will    C.should be;would    D.would be;would
38.Without the Communist Party there ____ New China.
  A.hadnt been a     B.is not a     C.would be no     D.was not a
39.There _____ a lot of deer in the forest.
  A.have    B.are    C.is    D.has
40.From space _____ like a huge water－covered globe(球体).
  A.looks the earth    B.does look the earth   
  C.the earth looks    D.does the earth look

虚拟语气、倒装句型答案
1－5  D B D B C         6－10  C C A A A       11－15  B D A C A   
16－20  C A C C A       21－25 D A D D B       26－30  C B A C D
31－35  B A A C C       36－40 B C C B C